nepal – From a Glaciers Perspective

**The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on Jan. 28, 2025 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note t Nup La-5900 m is snow free. The average snow line is 6100 m**, **150 m higher than on Dec. 11, 2024.**

This is a update to a previous post examining persistent high snow lines through the winter on Mount Everest Region glaciers. Here we examine imagery from October 2023 through early January 2025 illustrating the rise in snow line through January in both 2024 and 2025. The persistent high snow line during winter indicate a lack of snow accumulation during the winter season. This is a dry season in the Himalayan region, yet typically an extensive snow cover develops, though not particularly deep. A combination of warmer and drier conditions have been more prevalent in recent winters including 2021, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (Kathmandu Post, 2025). These conditions are driving both reduced snow cover, higher elevation snow lines and increased forest fires (Nepali Times, 2025).

**NASA FIRMS view of fire locations in Nepal on Jan. 23, 2025, each red dot is a fire, note most are at higher elevations including several near the Everest region.**

There have been a few small snow events early in each winter, but the snow cover does not persist indicating that ablation has continued even above 6000 m on Mount Everest. Snow cover loss during winter at these altitudes is primarily the result of sublimation , with losses observed up to 2.5 mm per day (Tenzing et al 2023).

The 2024 winter season was different than the high snow lines in 2020/21 that resulted from extraordinary January heat wave, as there was not a noteworthy heat wave (Pelto et al 2021). Instead a lack of any significant precpipitation was critical with less than 25 mm of precipitation at Everest Base Camp from Jan.1-March 31, 2024 and above normal temperatures for significant periods. The high glacier snow lines persisted into the monsoon season of 2024. The post-monsoon season in 2024 was warm and wet, leading to above average snow line elevations in November 2024.

In December 2024, Nepal was 20-25% of normal with drier conditions in the east. This accompanied above average temperatures, though not as high as in December 2023, leading to extreme drought in several provinces including Koshi Province (Nepal DHM). January, 2025 has continued to be dry, with consistently warm conditions. This has enabled high glacier snow lines to persist and rise from early December into early February, 2025.

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on Dec. 11, 2024 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes (5800-5900 m) are snow covered. The average snow line is 5950 m.

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on Jan. 20, 2025 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes (5800-5900 m) both have a narrow band of snow cover. The average snow line is 6050 m.

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on May 1, 2024 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes (5800-5900 m) are both snow free. The average snow line is 6050 m.

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on March 14, 2024 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes (5800-5900 m) are both snow free. The average snow line is 5950 m.

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on Feb. 11, 2024 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes (5800-5900 m) are both snow free. The average snow line is 6000 m.

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on Jan. 10, 2024 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes are both snow free. The average snow line is 6000 m

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on Nov. 15, 2023 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes are both snow covered. The average snow line is 5800 m.

The snow line on Mount Everest Region glaciers on Oct. 30, 2023 indicated by yellow dots on the Landsat image. Note that Nangpa La and Nup La-two high passes are both snow covered. The average snow line is 5700 m.

This is a update to a previous post examining high snow lines through the winter on Mount Everest Region glaciers. Here we examine imagery from October 2023 through early May 2024 illustrating the rise in snow line into January and the continue high elevation into the pre-monsoon season. The persistent high snow line over the last six months, indicates a lack of snow accumulation during the winter season. This is a dry season, yet typically leads to extensive, though not particularly deep snow cover. There were a few smaller snow events, but the snow cover did not persist indicating that ablation has continued even above 6000 m on Mount Everest. The lack of snow leads to less infilling of crevasses on Khumbu Glacier, which are further opened by persistent ablation. On May 1 there is evident blue ice and firn areas in the Western Cwm, above the Khumbu Icefall and on the Lhotse Face above the Western Cwm at the head of the Khumbu Glacier. The relatively bare slopes above the Western Cwm also cannot generate as much avalanches that would then accumulate snow in that basin. These same slopes will yield more rock fall, with more exposed unburied rock.

In the Khumbu Icefall velocities indicates by NASA ITS LIVE are ~1m/day which leads to considerable crevasse development in the six months from November into May with very limited snow accumulation and evident ablation, image below. This season is different than the high snow lines i 2020/21 that resulted from extraordinary January heat wave. Snow cover did develop at the end of the winter/early spring (Pelto et al 2021).