antarctic glacier melt – From a Glaciers Perspective

**Vega Island indicating several glaciers that have snowcover on ~50% or less of the glacier surface** on Oct. 10, 2026 in this Landsat image.

The melt season has is not yet underway, yet significant bare ice areas are evident on glaciers on the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands. The winter season from May-August featured above average temperatures each month, particularly in June, while September was near normal. The bare ice surfaces seen on this Oct. 10, 2026 Landsat image are not an indicator of melt during winter, but of limited new snow accumulation further reduced by sublimation and wind scouring. The winter season was no treat for these glaciers.

**Boydell and Diplock Glacier are outlet glaciers from the Antarctic Peninsula along the Trinity Coast. There are large bare ice areas along the coast between these glaciers also**, **on Oct. 10, 2026 in this Landsat image.** **Yellow dots mark the edge of the glaciers meeting sea ice.**

As the melt season begins if the bare ice surfaces persist melt will be enhanced due to greater solar radiation being absorbed and reduced long wave radiation being emitted. Even a thin cover of new snow from a spring storm would be helpful in the short run.

**Eagle Island ice Cap indicating significant bare ice areas on the glacier surface, yellow arrows**, **on Oct. 10, 2026 in this Landsat image.**

**James Ross Island’s western half indicating many glaciers that have snowcover on ~50% or less of the glacier surface, **on Oct. 10, 2026 in this Landsat image.**.**

Eagle Island Ice Cap in Sentinel image from Feb. 19, 2023 illustrating only small patches of snowcover left, 5-10% of ice cap.

On February 19, 2023 Eagle Island Ice Cap, Antarctica has less than 10% snowcover. This is less snowcover than observed even after the period of record warm weather over the Antarctic Peninsula in February 2020. Temperature when the all time Antaractica temperature record was set at Esperenza Base. That year also led to record melt and ponding on the George VI Ice Shelf (Banwell et al, 2021). Here we examine Landsat and Sentinel imagery of the Eagle Island Ice Cap (63.65 S 55.50W), 40 km from Esperanza, to identify surface melt extent and surface melt feature development in 2020, 2022 and 2023. The summit of the ice cap is at 250-300 m and it has an area of 21 km².

In 2020 we observed blue ice areas (BI) and saturated snow areas (SS) rapidly developed from a snow covered ice cap during the heat wave (NASA EO, 2020). The impact of short term melt events like this on an ice cap like this, is visible and significant for annual mass balance, but not large in terms of long term glacier mass balance (volume change) and area. In 2022 a similar patter nof blue ice developed, but no saturated snow. In 2023 the loss of snowcover is nearly completely yielding a more extensive bare ice and firn surface area. This is the result not of a heat wave but of a consistenly warm summer. At Esparanze Base:

November mean temperature 2.5 C above average
December mean temperature 0.5 C above average
January mean temperature 1.5 C above average
February mean temperature 1 C above average

This yields an mean melt season temperature 1.5 C above average compared to 2020 that had a mean average temperature 0.5 C above average. The most anomalously warm month was November. This led to a mostly snow free ice cap by January 10. The ice cap then experienced a month of mostly snow free conditions with the darker ice melting more rapidly then the snow would. This in particular will lead to marginal retreat of the ie cap along bare rock margins.

Eagle Island Ice Cap in Sentinel image from Jan. 10, 2023 illustrating only 15-20% snowcover left.

Eagle Island Ice Cap, Antarctica in Landsat images from Feb. 4, 2020 and Feb. 13, 2020. Point E indicates an are area of snow/firn that is saturated with meltwater. Point A and B indicate locations where the amount of bare rock/ground and hence albedo have changed dramatically.